uid=ARC,o=EDI,dc=edirepository,dc=org all public read 2008-2014ARBurnspectra Anaktuvuk River fire scar canopy reflectance spectra from the 2008-2014 growing seasons, North Slope Alaska. Adrian Rocha University of Notre Dame
University of Notre Dame,Department of Biological Sciences, 100 Galvin Life Sciences Center Notre Dame IN 46556 US
574-631-9438 arocha1@nd.edu https://biology.nd.edu/people/adrian-rocha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4618-2407
Gaius Shaver
7 M B L St Woods Hole MA 02543 US
gshaver@mbl.edu http://www.mbl.edu/ecosystems/staff/shaver/ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6745-9989
Arctic Long Term Ecological Research http://arc.lternet.edu 2015 English
The Anaktuvuk River Fire occurred in 2007 on the North Slope of Alaska. In 2008, three eddy covariance towers were established at sites represent ing unburned tundra, moderately burned tundra, and severely burned tundra. During the 2008-2014 growing seasons, canopy vegetation within the footprint of each of these towers was scanned with a handheld spectrophotometer several times throughout the growing season. Average reflectance spectra per site and collection day are presented here.
disturbance Core Areas canopies disturbance fires recovery reflectance solar radiation vegetation LTER Controlled Vocabulary Anaktuvuk River fire spectral radiance Arctic LTER Vocabulary
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https://arc-lter.ecosystems.mbl.edu/2008-2014arburnspectra Anaktuvuk River Unburned flux tower site: Anaktuvuk River Fire - Unburned flux tower (Station 2309) North Slope, Alaska Previously called Unburned flux tower -150.272777777780 -150.272777777780 68.934444444444 68.934444444444 Anaktuvuk River Moderate burn flux tower site: Anaktuvuk River Fire - Moderate burn Previously known as Moderate burn flux tower -150.212500000000 -150.212500000000 68.952222222222 68.952222222222 Anaktuvuk River Severe burn flux tower site: Anaktuvuk River Fire - Severe burn flux tower (Station 2304) North Slope, Alaska Previously called Severe burn flux tower -150.281570000000 -150.281570000000 68.996666666667 68.996666666667 0 0 meter 2008-06-22 2014-08-06 Data collection is ongoing. Data collection and processing through 2014 is complete. Version 1, May 2011: Initial data release. Version 2 updated the excel file to .xlsx since there were not enough columns for the data. Jim L 11Dec2012 Version 3: Updated to newer metadata form (with sites sheet). CH March 2013. Version4 corrected eml excel file name JimL 16May13 Version 5: Checked keywords against the LTER network preferred list and replaced non-preferred terms. Jim L 15Jan14 Version 6: Missing value code corrected: NAN should be NaN. Jim L 24Jan14 Version 7: Added data through 2014. AR and BK. 15May15; Transposed the data since with the ASD & spectra there are too many wave length columns. Jim L 9Apr2015 Arctic_LTER Information Manager Arctic Long Term Ecological Research
7 M B L St Woods Hole MA 02536 US
(508) 548-3705 arc_im@mbl.edu
Arctic LTER publisher
7 M B L St. Woods Hole MA 02536 US
arc_im@mbl.edu
Arctic Long Term Ecological Research
METHODSThe Anaktuvuk River Fire occurred in 2007 on the North Slope of Alaska. In 2008, three eddy covariance towers were established at sites representing unburned tundra, moderately burned tundra, and severely burned tundra. Vegetation within the footprint of each of these towers was scanned with a handheld spectrophotometer several times throughout the 2008-2014 growing seasons. A spectrophotometer measures incoming irradiance and radiance reflected by the canopy vegetation. The ratio of these signals (irradiance to reflected radiance) is used to generate a reflectance spectrum. In 2008, a single channel spectrophotometer was used (Unispec  SC, see INSTRUMENTATION) to perform these measurements. In 2009 and 2010 either a single or a dual channel (Unispec DC, see INSTRUMENTATION) was used. On each collection day, 80 replicate scans were performed at each site. These replicate scans were taken at approximately 1m intervals along eight transects that extend roughly 10 meters in eight compass directions the eddy covariance tower at each site. An aluminum "T" frame was used to position the spectrophotometer’s foreoptic cable at a consistent height and orientation relative to the vegetation. When using this frame, the foreoptic cable is 1.09m above the vegetation and has a field of view with a radius of approximately 40 cm. Data was processed and interpolated to the nanometer using the program Multispec V.5 (available at http://specnet.info/specnet_toolkit.htm).  The replicate reflectance spectra were then averaged per site to generate the average reflectance spectra presented here. INSTRUMENTATION  2007-2010 - Single channel spectrophotometer:A single channel spectrophotometer  (Unispec SC,  PP Systems, Amesbury, Massachusetts, USA) uses one foreoptic cable to measure first incoming irradiance and then radiance reflected by the vegetation canopy. The foreoptic cable (UNI-684) extends from the machine and is equipped with a ferrule over which a 100mm hypotube (UNI-688) is placed. This produces a field of view that extends at an angle of 20 degrees from the end of the hypotube.  The hypotube is held vertically over the target vegetation during a data scan. The foreoptic cable is connected to a miniature photodiode array detector  in the instrument that produce signals ranging from zero to 65,000 A/D counts for 256 wavebands. These wavebands represent 3.3 nm wide portions of the visible and near infrared spectrum from 310 to 1100 nm.  A scan is performed over a period of milliseconds with the exact integration time determined by the user based on current light conditions. At the time of data collection, a reference scan is performed by positioning the foreoptic cable over a white standard (UNI-420). This reference scan represents the incoming irradiance due to the highly reflective nature of the white standard. A dark scan is also performed by covering the foreoptic with a dark cloth. The raw signal from the dark scan is used by the machine to correct for background noise. Canopy reflectance is calculated for each waveband as follows: Reflectance= (Icanopy / Ireference) Icanopy= signal from foreoptic during data scan (radiance reflected from target vegetation)Ireference= signal from the foreoptic during reflectance scan (incoming irradiance) 2009-2010 - Dual channel spectrophotometer:A dual channel spectrophotometer (Unispec DC, PP Systems, Amesbury, Massachusetts, USA) utilizes two foreoptic cables to simultaneously measure incoming irradiance and radiance reflected by the canopy vegetation. One foreoptic cable (UNI-684) is oriented downwards and is equipped with a ferrule over which a 100mm hypotube (UNI-688) is placed. This produces a field of view that extends at an angle of 20 degrees from the end of the hypotube. The other foreoptic cable (UNI-686) is oriented upwards and is fitted with a cosine receptor (UNI-435). The two foreoptic cables are connected to two miniature photodiode array detectors that produce signals ranging from zero to 65,000 A/D counts over 256 wavebands. These wavebands represent 3.3 nm wide portions of the visible and near infrared spectrum from 310 to 1100 nm. A scan is performed over a period of milliseconds with the exact integration time determined by the user based on current light conditions.At the time of data collection, a dark scan is performed by covering the foreoptics with a dark cloth. The raw signals from the dark scan are used by the machine to correct for background noise. A reference scan is also performed by positioning the downward foreoptic cable over a white standard (UNI-420). Canopy reflectance is calculated for each waveband as follows: Reflectance= (Idata down / Idata up) x (Ireference up/ Ireference down) Idata down = signal from downward foreoptic during data scan (radiance reflected from target vegetation)Idata up = signal from the upward foreoptic during data scan (incoming irradiance)Ireference up= signal from the upward foreoptic during reflectance scan (incoming irradiance)Ireference down= signal from the downward foreoptic during reflectance scan (radiance reflected from white standard) 2011-present - ASD Field Spec 3 spectrophotometer: Measurements taken with an ASD Field Spec 3. This instrument measures reflectance from 300-2500 nm at 3 nm spectral resolution. Users should note that the data from this instrument are the raw measurements and include noisey values in the 1300-1500 nm, 1700-2000 nm, and  2300-2500 nm ranges because of sensor overlap.  This type of noise is typical of this instrument and people usually discard the values at these wavelengths. FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: Adrian Rocha, University of Notre Dame, Department of Biological Sciences 100 Galvin Life Sciences Center, Notre Dame, IN 46556 FORMAT OF DATA FILE: ASCII References:Rocha, A.V. and G.R. Shaver (2011) Burn severity influences post-fire CO2 exchange in arctic tundra. Ecological Applications. 21:477-489. Rocha, A.V. and G.R. Shaver (2011) Postfire energy exchange in arctic tundra: the importance and climatic implications of burn severity. Global  Change Biology. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02441.x.  
Fire in the Arctic Landscape: Impacts, interactions and links to global and regional environmental change Adrian Rocha University of Notre Dame
University of Notre Dame,Department of Biological Sciences, 100 Galvin Life Sciences Center Notre Dame IN 46556 US
574-631-9438 arocha1@nd.edu https://biology.nd.edu/people/adrian-rocha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4618-2407 principalInvestigator
Gaius Shaver
7 M B L St Woods Hole MA 02543 US
gshaver@mbl.edu http://www.mbl.edu/ecosystems/staff/shaver/ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6745-9989 principalInvestigator
Edward Rastetter
7 M B L St. Woods Hole MA 02543 US
erastetter@mbl.edu https://www.mbl.edu/ecosystems/rastetter/ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8620-5431 principalInvestigator
Increased temperatures in Northern Alaska over the past 50 years have been accompanied by an increase in the frequency of wildfires, with over half of the fire activity on the North Slope in the past 60 years occurring since 2000. The effects of fire on carbon and energy balances in this region are poorly understood, as the fires have occurred in remote regions, been small in size, and are relatively infrequent. Arctic ecosystems store twice the amount of carbon currently in the atmosphere and affect the local and regional climate by exchanging carbon with the atmosphere and through their impacts on the reflectivity of the tundra surface and heat penetration into permafrost soils. Fires have potential to alter the balances by releasing carbon into the atmosphere through combustion, reducing carbon sequestration through vegetation and soil changes, and influencing climate by darkening the surface and allowing more solar energy to be absorbed. The goal of this research is to develop a better understanding of the short-term (daily to annual) and long-term (decadal to centennial) effects of fire on Arctic tundra. The goal will be met by combining field measurements made at burned sites of different age on the North Slope and Seward Peninsula of Alaska, along with recent and historical satellite and aircraft remotely sensed imagery, into predictive models of how fires influence carbon and energy cycling over time across the Arctic. The models developed in this project can be used to inform future management decisions by predicting the impacts of future changes in the frequency of fires on ecosystem services in the Arctic. It will reveal processes and interactions that are relevant not only to the global human population as related to climate change, but also to the local Native American populations that depend on the North Slope landscape to sustain their subsistence lifestyles. Several postdoctoral and undergraduate researchers will be trained and contributions made to outreach programs currently run by the Arctic Long-Term Ecological Research project and the Marine Biological Laboratory. These contributions include internet-based distribution of data collected and models created, as well as public lectures and classroom exercises in local Native Alaskan communities. Fire in Northern Alaska: Effect of a Changing Disturbance Regime on a Regional Macrosystem LTREB: Following the reorganization and resynchronization of biogeochemical cycles after an unprecedented tundra fire 1065587 1556772
2008-2014ARBurnspectra-transpose_csv Comma delimited data file of: Anaktuvuk River fire scar canopy reflectance spectra from the 2008-2014 growing seasons 2008-2014ARBurnspectra-transpose.csv 1915078 713ac449cbaa9791d90ad67346556355 3d9189731ba096cda09ad1246bb333aa48c5888b 1 \r\n column , " https://arc-lter.ecosystems.mbl.edu/sites/default/files/data/burn/2008-2014ARBurnspectra-transpose.csv 2008-06-22 2014-08-06 Wave Length Wave Length Wave Length number real Anaktuvuk2008-174-unburned Anaktuvuk2008-174-unburned Anaktuvuk2008-174-unburned number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2008-174-moderate Anaktuvuk2008-174-moderate Anaktuvuk2008-174-moderate number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2008-174-severe Anaktuvuk2008-174-severe Anaktuvuk2008-174-severe number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2008-186-unburned Anaktuvuk2008-186-unburned Anaktuvuk2008-186-unburned number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2008-186-moderate Anaktuvuk2008-186-moderate Anaktuvuk2008-186-moderate number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2008-186-severe Anaktuvuk2008-186-severe Anaktuvuk2008-186-severe number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2008-206-unburned Anaktuvuk2008-206-unburned Anaktuvuk2008-206-unburned number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2008-206-moderate Anaktuvuk2008-206-moderate Anaktuvuk2008-206-moderate number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2008-206-severe Anaktuvuk2008-206-severe Anaktuvuk2008-206-severe number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2008-219-unburned Anaktuvuk2008-219-unburned Anaktuvuk2008-219-unburned number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2008-219-moderate Anaktuvuk2008-219-moderate Anaktuvuk2008-219-moderate number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2008-219-severe Anaktuvuk2008-219-severe Anaktuvuk2008-219-severe number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2008-243-unburned Anaktuvuk2008-243-unburned Anaktuvuk2008-243-unburned number real NaN Missing 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Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2013-221-Severe Anaktuvuk2013-221-Severe Anaktuvuk2013-221-Severe number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2013-221-Moderate Anaktuvuk2013-221-Moderate Anaktuvuk2013-221-Moderate number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2013-221-Unburned Anaktuvuk2013-221-Unburned Anaktuvuk2013-221-Unburned number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2014-163-Severe Anaktuvuk2014-163-Severe Anaktuvuk2014-163-Severe number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2014-163-Moderate Anaktuvuk2014-163-Moderate Anaktuvuk2014-163-Moderate number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2014-163-Unburned Anaktuvuk2014-163-Unburned Anaktuvuk2014-163-Unburned number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2014-179-Severe Anaktuvuk2014-179-Severe Anaktuvuk2014-179-Severe number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2014-179-Moderate Anaktuvuk2014-179-Moderate Anaktuvuk2014-179-Moderate number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2014-179-Unburned Anaktuvuk2014-179-Unburned Anaktuvuk2014-179-Unburned number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2014-184-Severe Anaktuvuk2014-184-Severe Anaktuvuk2014-184-Severe number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2014-184-Moderate Anaktuvuk2014-184-Moderate Anaktuvuk2014-184-Moderate number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2014-184-Unburned Anaktuvuk2014-184-Unburned Anaktuvuk2014-184-Unburned number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2014-211-Severe Anaktuvuk2014-211-Severe Anaktuvuk2014-211-Severe number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2014-211-Moderate Anaktuvuk2014-211-Moderate Anaktuvuk2014-211-Moderate number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2014-211-Unburned Anaktuvuk2014-211-Unburned Anaktuvuk2014-211-Unburned number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2014-218-Severe Anaktuvuk2014-218-Severe Anaktuvuk2014-218-Severe number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2014-218-Moderate Anaktuvuk2014-218-Moderate Anaktuvuk2014-218-Moderate number real NaN Missing or Not Measured Anaktuvuk2014-218-Unburned Anaktuvuk2014-218-Unburned Anaktuvuk2014-218-Unburned number real NaN Missing or Not Measured 2151 2008-2014ARBurnspectra-transpose_excel Excel file with metadata and data for datset for "Anaktuvuk River fire scar canopy reflectance spectra from the 2008-2014 growing seasons, North Slope Alaska." 2008-2014ARBurnspectra-transpose.xlsx 2256954 e92e4761cdfe3fcdba98e1ea359a5a9a 8be7a994816e715a2b55c9c4c08c93f08f197636 application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet https://arc-lter.ecosystems.mbl.edu/sites/default/files/data/burn/2008-2014ARBurnspectra-transpose.xlsx document
urn:node:ADC